Management Principles Essay - 3300 Words

Management Principles (Essay Sample) Content: Management PrinciplesStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourse code and nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameLearning InstitutionCity, StateDate of submissionManagement PrinciplesIntroductionThe guidelines for actions and decisions of managers are management principles. Over time, management professionals have derived these principles through in-depth analysis and observation of events that businesses face in actual practices. They constitute the underlying and essential factors that form successful management foundations. These management principles are used in initiation as well as aiding of change, decision-making, organization, and skill management principles (Mullins, 2005). Management principles provide the framework that guide organizations in improving their performance. Customer focus is important since organizations usually depend on customers to understand future and current customer needs in meeting customer requirement. It constitutes a major principle utilized by the man agement in striving to exceed their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ expectations. Management principles help in enhancing effectiveness of organizational resources as far as customer satisfaction, corporate goals, and management as a whole is concerned.To assist inform research related to management principles especially, a review on literature is integral. This literature review will primarily focus the postulation that Taylorism as a fundamental system premeditated to make best use of management control over employees. This paper will examine how this position has been in use to-date. However, recent systems of management are focusing especially on promoting and empowering employee initiatives. This paper will seek to examine what management professionals and consultants have come to consider as significant management principles. This will provide a conceptual framework in the examination of the key benefits accruing from management principles. Further, this paper will examine the relevance of management principles in increasing market share and revenue through fast and flexible responses towards market opportunities.The Changing Role of ManagementAccording to David McHugh and Paul Thomson (1995), it is incontestable that coherent managerial principles are a fundamental element in conscious patterning and planning using design processes. Donaldson supports McHugh and Thomson (1995) by postulating that coordination, integration, standardization, differentiation, and specialization are important elements in management of organizations. The management can manipulate cultures, tasks, or structures to achieve corporate goals. Managers aim at dividing role and responsibilities of their human resources. This ensures that skills are optimally used (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Creating specific professional and personal development within any labor force in increasing productivity is central. This bolsters dexterity and specialization. Technical and managerial work should be di vided appropriately. There are extensive rules and regulations coupled with clear organizational goals that constitute an essential element in management principles (Witzel, 2014). McHugh and Thomson (1995) are in support of Taylorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s emphasizes on division of labor. However, Cooke perceives this as a form of slave.The consolidation and origin of bureaucracy is a dominant organizational design and work form through Weber, Taylorism, and classical management. Most organizations are organized in a manner that clearly outlines the responsibility and authority bestowed upon every employee and the entire workforce. In modern management theory, it is important to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy. According to Max Weber (2004), bureaucracy is that push towards fairness, openness, and democracy. Bureaucracies are complex and thus hierarchical. In some instances, people in top leadership up in the hierarchy use their expertise and position to favor other people undemocratically. He perceives bureaucracy as a rational and efficient way through which human activity is organized due to the presence of organized hierarchies and systematic processes. Bureaucracy enhances professionalism and efficiency. This is because recruitment and promotion is on merit, regular pensions and salaries.Discipline and BureaucracyDiscipline remains an important management principle in any organization. It is important that the bureaucracy observe proper conduct and obedience while relating with each other. Discipline is thus essential in smooth functioning in all organizations. Discipline ensures that work is divided among groups and individuals in ensuring that attention and effort focuses on some special portions of every task. Discipline in work relations facilitate specialization and efficiency in human resources used within organizations. McHugh and Thomson (1995) emphasize the role of managers as both decision-makers and leaders who have a role in inculcating discipline as an integral element of the organizational culture. McGregor in his Theory X supports Taylor (1911) who posits that employees dislike initiatives and work. Managers have the singular role of directing and coercing them. McGregorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Theory Y (Kopelman, Prottas, and Davis, 2008) advances the notion that self-control and self-direction are important elements that show commitment by employees towards discipline, which are important in realizing organizational goals. Thus, managers should involve employees in decision-making (Weber, and Kalberg, 2005).Managers should ensure that employees who work in analogous activity line comprehend and pursue similar objectives. This helps facilitate directional unity. Managers should control the employees. This ensures that unity of actions exists. Efforts focusing and strengths coordination is important. Towards this end, managers should design appropriate decentralized or centralized structures. Identification of stages within processes such a s evaluation, follow-through, implementation, choice, and generation is central. Unity of direction is achieved when employees and other stakeholders are involved in decision-making. This enables managers to focus on strategic goals of the organization. This is because management is primarily a labor process.Taylorism or scientific theory synthesizes and analyzes workflows. Fundamentally, Taylorism aims at bolstering economic efficiency, mostly the productivity of labor. To improve economic efficiency of an organization through improving productivity of labor, individual interests should be subordinated in place of group interests. Company objectives come first in place of personal considerations. Taylor (1911) gave premium to waste elimination, work ethic, rationality, analysis, logic, efficiency, and application of best business practices. When individual interests are subordinated, craft production is transformed into mass production. In furtherance of economic efficiency, knowle dge transfer amongst workers is possible. Taylor (1911) saw the manager as responsible in establishing unity of direction and purpose within organizations. When personal whims are subordinated, employees will be motivated and understand organizational objectives and goals.When workers are remunerated sufficiently, it becomes the primarily source of motivation for them to work (Jaffee, 2000). This should be done by taking consideration of certain variables like qualified personnel supply, living cost, business success, and current business conditions. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers are more talented as compared to others. Smart employees are sometimes unmotivated. Workers performing repetitive should not go unpunished when they work slowly. Malingering workers should be punished as suggested by Taylor (1911). In most wok environments, economic efficiency is never achieved since labor productivity is never optimized. Taylor (1911) suggested that labor productivity is correl ated with their compensation. He argued that compensation plans should encompass piece rates. Managers should ensure that labor should involve rest breaks to avert fatigue and monotony (Drucker, 2008). They should treat human resources as their greatest assets.McDonald ModelMcDonald Model emphasizes on efficiency. Moreover, calculability delves into a productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quantitative aspects. In McDonaldized systems, quality is as important as quantity (Pfeiffer, 2000). Workers in such McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative aspects of their work as opposed to qualitative aspects. Employees focus on how quickly tasks should be accomplished. Workers are thus supposed to work hard and quickly for lower payments. Workers follow certain corporate rules. The managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s dictates are followed to the letter. Workers are trained to do fewer tasks precisely. George Ritzer (2008) postulates that most McDonaldized institutions emphasizes on financial costs and time. This event ually enhances service delivery. People get what they need instantaneously and conveniently. Even universities and other institutions are becoming moderately McDonaldized. Decision-making is often centralized. Ordinarily, the centralization degree depends mostly on the size of the company. McDonald Theory flaunts certain Taylorism elements such as good pay and breaks. It does not recognize that individuals are different.Henry Fayol supports Taylor (1911) by arguing that managers should encourage harmony among employees. Every employee should be treated justly and kindly. It is upon the managers to ensure that fairness and impartiality reigns in their organizations. Management has evolved into an inextricable element in running of organizations (Schermerhorn, 2005). It has become important in creating social order that ensures fluid operation in a company. This is often done through some authoritative procedure. More importantly, manageme... Management Principles Essay - 3300 Words Management Principles (Essay Sample) Content: Management PrinciplesStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourse code and nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameLearning InstitutionCity, StateDate of submissionManagement PrinciplesIntroductionThe guidelines for actions and decisions of managers are management principles. Over time, management professionals have derived these principles through in-depth analysis and observation of events that businesses face in actual practices. They constitute the underlying and essential factors that form successful management foundations. These management principles are used in initiation as well as aiding of change, decision-making, organization, and skill management principles (Mullins, 2005). Management principles provide the framework that guide organizations in improving their performance. Customer focus is important since organizations usually depend on customers to understand future and current customer needs in meeting customer requirement. It constitutes a major principle utilized by the man agement in striving to exceed their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ expectations. Management principles help in enhancing effectiveness of organizational resources as far as customer satisfaction, corporate goals, and management as a whole is concerned.To assist inform research related to management principles especially, a review on literature is integral. This literature review will primarily focus the postulation that Taylorism as a fundamental system premeditated to make best use of management control over employees. This paper will examine how this position has been in use to-date. However, recent systems of management are focusing especially on promoting and empowering employee initiatives. This paper will seek to examine what management professionals and consultants have come to consider as significant management principles. This will provide a conceptual framework in the examination of the key benefits accruing from management principles. Further, this paper will examine the relevance of management principles in increasing market share and revenue through fast and flexible responses towards market opportunities.The Changing Role of ManagementAccording to David McHugh and Paul Thomson (1995), it is incontestable that coherent managerial principles are a fundamental element in conscious patterning and planning using design processes. Donaldson supports McHugh and Thomson (1995) by postulating that coordination, integration, standardization, differentiation, and specialization are important elements in management of organizations. The management can manipulate cultures, tasks, or structures to achieve corporate goals. Managers aim at dividing role and responsibilities of their human resources. This ensures that skills are optimally used (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Creating specific professional and personal development within any labor force in increasing productivity is central. This bolsters dexterity and specialization. Technical and managerial work should be di vided appropriately. There are extensive rules and regulations coupled with clear organizational goals that constitute an essential element in management principles (Witzel, 2014). McHugh and Thomson (1995) are in support of Taylorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s emphasizes on division of labor. However, Cooke perceives this as a form of slave.The consolidation and origin of bureaucracy is a dominant organizational design and work form through Weber, Taylorism, and classical management. Most organizations are organized in a manner that clearly outlines the responsibility and authority bestowed upon every employee and the entire workforce. In modern management theory, it is important to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy. According to Max Weber (2004), bureaucracy is that push towards fairness, openness, and democracy. Bureaucracies are complex and thus hierarchical. In some instances, people in top leadership up in the hierarchy use their expertise and position to favor other people undemocratically. He perceives bureaucracy as a rational and efficient way through which human activity is organized due to the presence of organized hierarchies and systematic processes. Bureaucracy enhances professionalism and efficiency. This is because recruitment and promotion is on merit, regular pensions and salaries.Discipline and BureaucracyDiscipline remains an important management principle in any organization. It is important that the bureaucracy observe proper conduct and obedience while relating with each other. Discipline is thus essential in smooth functioning in all organizations. Discipline ensures that work is divided among groups and individuals in ensuring that attention and effort focuses on some special portions of every task. Discipline in work relations facilitate specialization and efficiency in human resources used within organizations. McHugh and Thomson (1995) emphasize the role of managers as both decision-makers and leaders who have a role in inculcating discipline as an integral element of the organizational culture. McGregor in his Theory X supports Taylor (1911) who posits that employees dislike initiatives and work. Managers have the singular role of directing and coercing them. McGregorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Theory Y (Kopelman, Prottas, and Davis, 2008) advances the notion that self-control and self-direction are important elements that show commitment by employees towards discipline, which are important in realizing organizational goals. Thus, managers should involve employees in decision-making (Weber, and Kalberg, 2005).Managers should ensure that employees who work in analogous activity line comprehend and pursue similar objectives. This helps facilitate directional unity. Managers should control the employees. This ensures that unity of actions exists. Efforts focusing and strengths coordination is important. Towards this end, managers should design appropriate decentralized or centralized structures. Identification of stages within processes such a s evaluation, follow-through, implementation, choice, and generation is central. Unity of direction is achieved when employees and other stakeholders are involved in decision-making. This enables managers to focus on strategic goals of the organization. This is because management is primarily a labor process.Taylorism or scientific theory synthesizes and analyzes workflows. Fundamentally, Taylorism aims at bolstering economic efficiency, mostly the productivity of labor. To improve economic efficiency of an organization through improving productivity of labor, individual interests should be subordinated in place of group interests. Company objectives come first in place of personal considerations. Taylor (1911) gave premium to waste elimination, work ethic, rationality, analysis, logic, efficiency, and application of best business practices. When individual interests are subordinated, craft production is transformed into mass production. In furtherance of economic efficiency, knowle dge transfer amongst workers is possible. Taylor (1911) saw the manager as responsible in establishing unity of direction and purpose within organizations. When personal whims are subordinated, employees will be motivated and understand organizational objectives and goals.When workers are remunerated sufficiently, it becomes the primarily source of motivation for them to work (Jaffee, 2000). This should be done by taking consideration of certain variables like qualified personnel supply, living cost, business success, and current business conditions. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers are more talented as compared to others. Smart employees are sometimes unmotivated. Workers performing repetitive should not go unpunished when they work slowly. Malingering workers should be punished as suggested by Taylor (1911). In most wok environments, economic efficiency is never achieved since labor productivity is never optimized. Taylor (1911) suggested that labor productivity is correl ated with their compensation. He argued that compensation plans should encompass piece rates. Managers should ensure that labor should involve rest breaks to avert fatigue and monotony (Drucker, 2008). They should treat human resources as their greatest assets.McDonald ModelMcDonald Model emphasizes on efficiency. Moreover, calculability delves into a productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quantitative aspects. In McDonaldized systems, quality is as important as quantity (Pfeiffer, 2000). Workers in such McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative aspects of their work as opposed to qualitative aspects. Employees focus on how quickly tasks should be accomplished. Workers are thus supposed to work hard and quickly for lower payments. Workers follow certain corporate rules. The managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s dictates are followed to the letter. Workers are trained to do fewer tasks precisely. George Ritzer (2008) postulates that most McDonaldized institutions emphasizes on financial costs and time. This event ually enhances service delivery. People get what they need instantaneously and conveniently. Even universities and other institutions are becoming moderately McDonaldized. Decision-making is often centralized. Ordinarily, the centralization degree depends mostly on the size of the company. McDonald Theory flaunts certain Taylorism elements such as good pay and breaks. It does not recognize that individuals are different.Henry Fayol supports Taylor (1911) by arguing that managers should encourage harmony among employees. Every employee should be treated justly and kindly. It is upon the managers to ensure that fairness and impartiality reigns in their organizations. Management has evolved into an inextricable element in running of organizations (Schermerhorn, 2005). It has become important in creating social order that ensures fluid operation in a company. This is often done through some authoritative procedure. More importantly, manageme...

Andrew Jackson Essay - 1451 Words

Andrew Jackson strongly opposed the Second National Bank of the United States. The Panic of 1819 was a key motivator for the destruction of the Second National Bank for Andrew Jackson and many Americans (Shepard Software â€Å"Andrew Jackson†); it left many Americans unemployed and hundreds of businesses bankrupt especially farming businesses. A lot of the blame of the Panic of 1819 was put onto the Second Bank of the United States (Remini, American Empire, 164), and Jackson strongly believed it was the bank’s fault. As a supporter of farmers, and the common man, Andrew Jackson targeted the Second Bank of the United States (Remini, American Democracy 161). Though there are many reasons for Andrew Jackson’s opposition, was there†¦show more content†¦(Remini, American Freedom, 144) which made him appeal to many Americans. Jackson continued to use the appeal of appearing to be â€Å"one of the people† in his campaigns for presidency, often targeting the Second National Bank. Jackson would often describe to the people that destroying the bank would be an act of â€Å"reform† and â€Å"purifying government departments† (Remini. American Democracy, 117). When talking about the Second Bank of the United States in his campaigns he was sure to remind the audience it was for the good of the people or for America’s liberty (Remini, American Democracy, 117). This strategy proved to be successful for Jackson’s campaign, because he led a victory against his opponent, John Quincy Adams, in the election of 1824, but only with a popular vote, Jackson did not win the electoral vote and thus did not become president. (Remini, American Freedom, 167). This meant that Jackson’s plan of appealing to the people must have worked because, more and more people were beginning to become supportive of Jackson because of the image he created for himself as a candidate of the people. The growing support must have grown exponentially because Jackson won a landslide victory against Henry Clay in the election of 1832. This landslide victory shocked members on both political parties, Jackson even won in Clay’s home state of Kentucky (Remini, AmericanShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson1431 Words   |  6 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United Stated of America, was born on March 15, 1767 and died on June 8, 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson’s parents Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson were Presyberitains, Scots-Irish settlers whom in 1765 emigrated from Ireland. Andrew’s birthplace is deduced to have been at one of his uncles houses in the Waxhaw’s area between North Carolina and South Carolina, his exact whereabouts is unknown. Jacksons mother emigrated across the AppalachianRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Age Of Jackson1376 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as â€Å"The Age of Jackson†, America was a country on i ts way to the West. 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Jackson affected the outlook on the class system, the method of electing our president, the spread of the spoils system, the fighting between the north and the south, the interactions between America and the Indians, and he helped lead our country to inflation. With Jackson’sRead MoreThe Life Of Andrew Jackson Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pages The Life of Andrew Jackson Michael J. Ford Jr. Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period â€Æ' Abstract In my paper I while inform you of the United States 7th president Andrew Jackson. My paper consists of interesting facts about Mr. Jackson. It isn’t like what you read about in regular history books. Although some are random there fun facts that you may or may not know about my topic. The Life of Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was born Friday March 15, 1767. He was raised in WaxhawRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1090 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Jackson America’s history is rich and full of countless heroes, scandals, and incredible stories. 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His father died as the result of a logging accident just a few weeks before Andrew was born. Jacksons mother, Elizabeth Hutchison Jackson, was regarded as a very independent woman. After her husbands death, she raised her three sons at the home of one of her relatives. The Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1523 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 to Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson in the mountains between North and South Carolina. Jackson was born into poverty and as a result received very little education growing up. When The British invaded the Carolinas around 1780, Jackson’s mother and two brothers were killed during the conflict and British soldiers took the young Andrew Jackson prisoner, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. In 1781, JacksonRead More Andrew Jackson Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson No one can argue that as a president, Jackson made no mistakes; however, they in no way disqualify him from having a place on the U.S. twenty dollar bill. Jackson made every decision according to the will of the American people, even the more unsavory ones. He was a war hero that exemplified the strength and tenacity by which America has defined itself over the generations. He acted in all ways with concern for the growth of the American nation, both at home and overseas. Even his

Rise of Electronic Dance Music - 1045 Words

The Rise Of EDM EDM (Electronic Dance Music), or House music, first originated in Chicago in the 1980’s, but has been popular in Europe for the last twenty years. However, it did not become a prominent genre of music in North America until about 2005 when it was first seen in hit Pop songs by artists such as Timbaland and Akon. Since then, EDM has spread like wildfire in North America, influencing every genre of music and giving a new look to the entire music scene. It truly is the new wave of music that is quickly becoming mainstream. Songs consist of melodic tunes made up of electronic sounds, synthesisers, hard hitting bass lines, and often catchy vocals. EDM is seen as the new generation of music and is especially appealing to the young adults of today. A recent paper published by Wall Street veteran, John Langdon, and his company Massive Advisors, LLC, says that the EDM market is a $15-$20 billion global industry. Business is thriving from this new style of music and can make huge profits by simply getting a known disc jockey (DJ) to perform in their club or arena. In Vancouver, there are two main EDM companies, â€Å"Blueprint Events† and â€Å"Solid Events†, that host large events on long weekends and holidays These companies pack arenas, with over ten thousand spectators paying upwards of $100 to get in. Smaller events at nightclubs are hosted two to three days a week at local clubs around the lower mainland. However, this is nothing compared to the huge EDM festivalsShow MoreRelatedThe Electronic Sound : A World Of Massive Technological Development1703 Words   |  7 PagesLee II Professor Neterer Music 050 6 December 2016 â€Å"The Electronic Sound† In a world of massive  technological development, the expansion of the electric sound and the growing cultural society behind it have led to the construction of a number of prominent digitally devised  genres seen worldwide. 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Artificial Intelligence Computational and Cognitive

Questions: 1. Should I stop waiting for the download to complete?2. Am I using right language for interaction?3. The old woman could not lift her little daughter because she was very weak. Who is weak?4. Should I slap a 2 year old child for splitting the soup over me? Why?5. Who is looking prettier between Samantha and Michel? Answers: Artificial Intelligence v/s Human Intelligence: The aim of the discussion is to identify the degree to which a computer with artificial intelligence is able to exhibit intelligent behaviour that is equivalent to a human. For the same purpose, a number of questions will be framed and explanation to determine whether the subject is a computer or human will be made. 1. As stated by Alan Turing, it is impossible for a computer to tell accurately whether to halt or not. Internet users often have to face troubles while downloading something (Turing 2014). Often we are stuck with the situation when downloading takes longer time. This situation can be easily traced by a human and the person can guide if the downloading has to be halted or not but the same advice or answer cannot be given by a computer because a computer can never inspect whether the program will halt or run forever. 2. As commented by Wenger (2014), language has more to do with personal interaction. The difficulty faced by machines to interpret particular meanings has been evident at many times. Artificial intelligence system has only to do with language processing task and not personal interaction. Thus, the difference between a humans and a machines approach can be easily evident. 3. If the question has to be answered logically and as programmed for the computers, the computer will say that the daughter is weak. However, the same question can be easily answered by a human because considering common sense of a person, the individual will be easily able to say that the old woman is weak and thus, she cannot lift the little child (Michalski et al. 2013). In case, if the child was weak, the woman could be able to lift her easily. 4. Malcolm Gladwell pointed out that computers with artificial intelligence do not have moral choices to analyse a situation and fit the rules into the fact. The question will not be answered properly by the computer with artificial intelligence (Gladwell 2012). With some vital programming the answer could be either yes or no but the reason of the answer cannot be provided by the computer. However, a human will say that it is immoral to slap a small child for such issues because it is an infant and such small issues are common. 5. It is evident that computers do not have the perception of telling whether a person is pretty or not. It completely depends on the understanding and perception of a living human to differentiate the looks or appearance between two persons. Unless the computer is programmed with the two mentioned names, getting an answer (whether correct or incorrect) is not possible (Turing 2012). However, assertion can be easily made by a human on the looks or appearance of people. Reference List: Gladwell, M., 2012.Blink: The Power of Thinking Without [thinking]. CNIB. Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G. and Mitchell, T.M. eds., 2013.Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. Turing, A., 2012. The father of computing.Quest,8(4), p.3 Turing, A., 2014. Turing: Oracles and Computation.ITNOW,56(1). Wenger, E., 2014.Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann.

Plan of Instruction Essays - Factory, Manufacturing, Child Labour

Plan of Instruction: Use PowerPoint to establish background info on factories England during the early 1800s, especially the start of child labor. Essential Question: Were textile factories bad for the health of Child workers? Introduce/Review skills of sourcing and corroboration. Point out that historians make claims based upon evidence often found in historical documents. In order to gather credible evidence, historians evaluate the reliability, or trustworthiness of different historical sources. They often do this by considering the point of view and purpose of different historical actors and by comparing how different sources portray historical events. Today, we are going to work on sourcing and corroborating different accounts of what life was like for child workers in 19 th century England. Pass out document A and guiding questions. Model sourcing document A. Explain to students that you are going to show them how you source a document. Example: The first thing I want to do is read the source at the bottom of the document. That means I want to think about who wrote it, when it was written, who is the audience, and what the author's purpose might have been. (Read sourcing info). So I see that this is from an interview of a doctor that was conducted in 1818 by the House of Lords Committee. I am not exactly sure what this Committee did, but I think it was a government body looking into factory conditions. I know that by 1818, there had been some reforms passed to try to improve factory conditions but that this date was still early in the reform movement. I bet that this interview will include questions about factories. I also see that the interview is with a doctor. I don't know much about this particular doctor, but I assume he is being interviewed because of his expertise on health issues. I am not sure whether or not he is under oath, but it seems that if he is being interviewed by a government committee so that he i s more likely to be truthful. Although, we know that people do certainly lie to the government. This is called sourcing a document. In pairs, students read the document and answer the guiding questions. Share out responses. Ask students: Do you think this is a reliable document? Why or why not? Pass out document B In pairs, students read document B and answer guiding questions. Share out responses. Ask students: How is it possible for such similar sources to offer such different accounts of factory life? Which, if either, of these sources do you find more trustworthy? Why? Pass out documents C and D. Students read documents C and D and answer guiding questions. Share out responses to questions Final Discussion: Which do you find most convincing regarding the central historical question? Why? Which is the least convincing? Why? Have students answer the central historical question. Dr. Ward (Document A ) Michael Ward was a doctor in Manchester for 30 years. His practice treated several children who worked in Manchester factories. He was interviewed about the health of textile factory workers on March 25, 1819, by the House of Lords Committee, a government organization investigating safety in textile factories. Question: Give the committee information on your knowledge of the health of workers in cotton ( textile) factories. Answer: Last summer I visited three cotton factories with Dr. Clough of Prest on and Mr. Barker of Manchester. W e could not remain ten minutes in the fac tory without gasping ( coughing) for breath Question: What was your opinion of the health of cotton factory children compared to children in other employments ( jobs) ? Answer: The health of the cotton factory children is much worse than that of any other chil dren. Question: Have you any further information to give to the committee? Answer: Cotton factories are very unfavorable ( bad) , both for the health and morals of those working in them. They are nurseries ( birthplaces) of disease and vice ( crime) . Question: Have you observed that children in the factories have accidents? Answer: When I was a surgeon in the hospital , children injured in accidents were very often admitted to the hospitals.

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Essay Example

The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Essay Example The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Paper The persuasive techniques used by Michael Moore in three scenes from his film Bowling for Columbine Paper Essay Topic: Film Persuasive Michael Moore produced the film Bowling for Columbine with the intention of persuading the viewers that gun laws are too relaxed in the United States. He believes that these laws have both contributed and added to, what he describes as a state of perpetual paranoia and a culture of fear amongst all of Americas citizens. Although Moore himself is not against guns since he is actually a member of the National Rifle Association (NRA). He does hold the opinion that the fear mongering and trepidation encouraged by both the media and politicians, intensifies the potential dangers of individual gun ownership, by reducing the nationwide threshold with regards to violence with firearms, and thus exposing many innocent people to violent attacks. Moore uses an array of persuasive techniques through the course of his polemic; with the most effective being irony and satirical humor, scene sequencing and sound effects and finally intelligent manipulation of background music. The first key scene A Wonderful World rebuts the conception that the US is a benevolent force around the world and that it does not use its military strength to physically impose and cause deliberate harm. In confrontation to this view, Moore is attempting to show that the USAs propensity for violence overseas contributes to the growing levels and intensities of violence in America. The scene is enclosed by sequences shot in Littleton, Colorado is compliant with Moores overall objective of the film: to expose Americas misguided love of guns and violence. The preceding scene to this key scene is typical of Moores persuasive style and is a polemic in its own right, the direct paradox between supplier and victim along with the juxtaposing music is another example of satirical humor. The preceding scene is of the Lockheed Martin spokesman: Lockheed Martin is Americas largest producer of inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The conversation between Moore and the spokesman is ironically positioned in front of an ICBM and the spokesmans words undermining Americas proclivity for violence especially before the scene at hand is another example of ironic scene sequencing and irony. The actual scene contains many emotive visuals, as it is a newsreel of many atrocities involving America in the previous fifty years. The effect of the posters displaying unity and the visuals allow us to humanely connect with the scene and the individuals as Moore allows the observer to come to their own conclusion on their stance. The irony of the Wonderful World song is another example of satirical humor and indirectly creates an eerily awkward tone, which magnifies the emotional impact on the observer, thus making the scene more effective. The subtitles throughout make the scene appear more official: as it makes us interpret the statements as facts in our minds which is just a human tendency, again adding to the effectiveness as it describes the monstrosities that the pictures display. However emotive language is used in the subtitles instead of actual facts as they are more interesting to the audience: Moore distorts factual evidence with his own opinions of events but this is almost undetectable due to the speed at which the slides are changing which is again limiting the audience chance, indirectly, to think independently. The vast flow of information throughout creates a negative impression of America as it shows the vastness of support for Moores motion, however it also allows very little time to actually think about the points he is making and any other in-depth attempts of analytical observation are barred by the repetitive sound of gunfire which is another persuasive technique. However, arguably the most affective technique in this scene is not what Moore includes but what he decides to selectively omit. The scene appears to show historical accounts of what America has done in the years previously, however history is the story of both sides and rather than give information on presidential leaders they are immediately classed as dictators, this is very effective as it makes no room for sub-conscious objections. The scene itself starts with a picture of a frail leader with the caption Mossadeq overthrown again this is opinionative suggesting that it was not Americas duty to intervene. Also the most emotive part of this scene is the visual itself as it depicts an old, frail man whilst the word overthrown is very strong and again indicative of unnecessary and disproportional violence. The following scene again uses emotive visuals and language as it shows the replacement that America subsequently installed. However the subtitles are biased in that they call Shah a dictator and display him and Iranian soldiers marching in a goosestep-esque fashion, essentially aligning the US with installing another Hitler into the Iranian system. Repetition of this emotive visuals and language continues when it shows democratically elected Arbenz overthrown, which is again political bias and selective omission as it disregards the information that he became a tyrannical dictator that murdered his people. The use of Statistics when describing the 200000 civilians killed seems duly informed, as there is no source. However it is emotive in that statistics are always perceived to be true. Even the statistics are used as a persuasive technique as they claim the casualties are civilians is more emotive as it connects with the audience it aligns with Moores message that America is ruthless in international conflicts. When the scene comes to Diem being assassinated is yet another example of selective omission as it fails to mention that this was at a time of extreme international tension after the second world war the red scare or the fear of communism was rife amongst the western world. However the portrayal of the corpse with the subtitle is again manipulative as it prevents the audience from coming up with an impartial decision, as it is impossible to regard a corpse as humane. Another important section of this scene was the element on The Vietnam war that still plays in the hearts and minds of many Americans today and would be very familiar to many Americans perhaps unlike all the other scenes scripted earlier in this scene. The limited use of statistics before this point emphasizes and stresses the disproportional use of force where 4 million people were killed. Again the word killed is very harsh and displays no remorse and reinforces Michael Moores view. The rest of the other scenes are repetitive in response as they again use emotive visuals and language as well as selective omission to make them more emotive. The pictures often display weak and powerless individuals being slain however information is selectively omitted to make these killings seem irrational but in many cases many of these situations required intervention and disregarded the human rights of the citizens. However Moore does stress that 4 American Nuns were killed in violence in El Salvador, this again harbors Moores motion that oversea violence is returning to America in the form of violent crimes, the fact that the victims were Americans would convince many Americans of irrationality especially with the innocence associated with nuns. Another particularly emotive element of this scene is when it claims the US trained Osama Bin Laden during the war between Afghanistan and Russia this would be very alarming to many Americans whilst it is another example where selective omission and irony are the basis of the argument. The contextual reference of this scene is that Bin Laden and other Afghans were fighting to stop the spread of Communism in the region which is why the US supported them and indeed not to train terrorists. A similar section of this scene is when it claims US funds Saddam again playing on the minds of the audience as contextual information is lacking for persuasive purposes. This then directly links into the points of the Iraq war which many Americans now question the motives for, whilst adding any further information about the deaths and casualties involved in the war angering the general population into Moores perspective. However the lasts two sections of the scene are the most important in that they are the US funds Taliban in aid the greatest irony thus far and the sum of the aid is a significant $245million and is likely to anger the general population who are fully aware of the nature of the Taliban. Especially with the nature of the aid being inferred by all as weapons. This is instrumental as it is integral to Michael Moores view that it is the US actions with regards to foreign affairs that have caused violence on the home-front. The final section is 911 footage, this is very satirical and is deeply imbedded in the hearts of Americans however due to the sequencing Moore essentially allows the blame for the attacks to fall back on the US both in the preceding scenes by funding the Taliban and training Bin Laden and this would be very emotive. Ironically the wonderful world song finishes just as the second plane strikes the shorter tower as the scene reaches its climax this is exceptionally persuasive as the real life footage changes the mood and tone to deeply remorseful ones. One of Moores primary techniques is the positioning of clips: he often edits in a manner to make a highly emotive scene next to one that is factual or another that is a complete paradox. Thus, manipulating the viewers emotions to make them more receptive to his argument. The films early sections are short and almost entirely humorous ridiculing the opposition in the face of arguments. Moore targets respected figures of authority and pro-gun groups and ridicules them with pre-prepared difficult questions. Moore uses a sarcastic and satirical approach serves to undermine the view that personal gun ownership is questionable and its function, hunting, has become a cover for the ever-growing sense of fear within society. This tactic which Moore utilises throughout the beginning and mid-section of the film, it is designed to create the impression that the reader is choosing to side with Michael Moore, however his techniques only allow for one line of thought. Through humor he allows you to side with him against his opposition, implicitly aligning yourself with his beliefs. The second scene based on the school shooting at Columbine High School marks a change in tone as the documentary takes a more serious tone. Much of Moores ability to persuade hinges on the emotional impact of seeing two cold-blooded teenage boys gunning down other children with automatic weapons and explosives is the cornerstone of Moores rhetoric: the implied question is that why does America allow things like this too keep happening? Following the Columbine massacre, the National Rifle Association (NRA) held a rally only a few days after, and Moore shows this in the film. Moore cleverly cuts extracts from previous speeches made by Charlton Heston from my cold dead hands and makes it seem as though he said it immediately after the Columbine massacre. This is very effective as it persuades the viewer that even an event such as the one at Columbine, has no effect on people and the way they view a gun despite the fact that it has just claimed 12 innocent lives. The use of powerful imagery is also very effective within this scene and Moore cleverly edits and selects the clips which will have the desired effect on the viewer. Moore selects the video footage in a way so that the action gets more dramatic and there is more panic as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold undergo their butchery. This manipulates the viewer into thinking that the events had an even bigger effect on people and that it caused an extreme level of fear, worry and panic. The quality of the image is quite poor and this makes it seem even more realistic for the viewer. This, combined with the fact that they see the two students open fire, make the footage very harrowing and disturbing for the viewer and exaggerate the problem of gun crime in the US. In the footage, Moore highlights Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold by shining a light on them. This makes it easier for the viewer to see exactly what they are doing, but it also makes them look like angels of death. This illustrates how the criminals have so much power and have the ability to take the life of other people if they choose to. During the footage, Moore plays the audio of an emergency call which was made during the events which makes the footage seem even more realistic and it means that it has a bigger impact on the viewer as they can hear the emotion and fear in the voices of the victims. This persuades the viewer that gun laws are too lax, as firearms have caused people to be put in such a state of panic and fear and that is not something that is desired. Following the CCTV footage, Moore reads out some statistics about the massacre such as the fact that over 900 rounds of ammunition were fired and that all of the weapons and ammunition was legally purchased. This is incredibly shocking for the viewer to hear and it persuades them to think that there needs to be a change in the gun laws, because it cannot be this easy to purchase and use firearms and cause such carnage. Overall, this sequence has a very big impact on the viewer and is very effective at persuading them to think that the gun laws in the US need to be changed and made stricter so that such events cannot repeat themselves. The impression is cleverly created by Moore, who uses techniques such as powerful imagery of the massacre, the editing of Charlton Hestons speech, positioning within the film as well as audio from recorded emergency calls. All of these combine to create a profound effect on the reader and Moore is very successful in manipulating the mind of the reader by using such techniques. The final key sequence within this film is the Brief History of the United States cartoon. This is an animation which simplifies some of the key events throughout American history in an attempt to find out why the USA has such high rates of gun crime. The purpose of this sequence is to mock and point out the nature of American culture and the fact that live in a society of constant fear and this is why there are such high gun crime rates. In this sequence, Moore uses techniques such as statistics, positioning, audio and imagery to persuade the viewer that the reason for the high gun crime is the culture of fear that America live in. This cartoon is positioned at the end of the film and that is very effective at persuading the viewer because this cartoon deals with the reason for the high gun crime, i. e. the reason why for the Columbine massacre and 9/11 attacks and this means that the viewer will be more likely to agree with it as they have seen the effects of firearms. Prior to the cartoon, Moore shows the statistics about the number of deaths caused by guns in several countries and this shows the US to be far higher than other countries: Japan 39 and USA 11,127. Moore shows the high figures of the US just after the low figures of Japan and this huge difference highlights how lax the gun laws are in the US. This makes it more effective as it makes the US seem worse and the problem seem greater and therefore that there is a greater need for there to be a change in gun laws. Moore uses simple cartons and basic drawings throughout this illustration and this means that it is appropriate for people of all ages, and even young children, which highlights how the problem affects everyone and not just adults. The fact that the narrator of the cartoon is a bullet which is constantly smiling and friendly encourages people to use guns and they are not dangerous, even though they clearly are. The cartoon format which Moore chose for this sequence is very sarcastic and jovial, which illustrates how the issue is not being taken seriously enough and this persuades the viewer that there needs to be a change in attitude and laws in the US. Moore cleverly omits certain periods of American history in order to show the US in a bad light; Moore only shows the parts of history in which American have been violent and used guns and they never mentioned any of the good deeds which America has done. This is very effective as it manipulates the viewer into thinking that America is all bad, when that is not necessarily the case. This is effective at persuading the viewer as they believe that change has to be taken in order for America to stop committing such bad behaviours such as burning witches and slavery.

International Accounting Regulations Assignment

International Accounting Regulations - Assignment Example FRS 10 defines the classes of intangible assets that would be covered by the provisions. These intangible assets may include â€Å"licenses. Quotas, patents, copyrights etc and also other assets that are capable of being disposed of or settled separately without disposing of the entity.† (Neil D. Stein 1998)FRS 10 defines the classes of intangible assets that would be covered by the provisions. These intangible assets may include â€Å"licenses. Quotas, patents, copyrights etc and also other assets that are capable of being disposed of or settled separately without disposing of the entity.† (Neil D. Stein 1998)However, FRS 10 has left certain important issues in connection with the intangible assets vague that makes the provisions unserious about the objective it intends to accomplish.  Ã‚  Ã‚  FRS 10 has the following shortcomings which have made the treatment of goodwill and other intangible assets favorable to the firms:†¢ FRS 10 gives the firms the liberty to carry through the value of the goodwill or other intangible assets permanently at the purchased cost. This vitiates the chances of the true and fair valuation of the intangible assets as shown in the financial statements.†¢ Although there are provisions governing the impairment of the value of the intangible assets, the impairment process as detailed in the FRS 10 and FRS 11 are highly subjective and devoid of clarity. This allows the firms to postpone the impairment of the intangible assets as long as they want on the plea that the valuation and impairment procedure is costly and cumbersome.†¢ Moreover, the treatment of the negative value of the goodwill under FRS 10 does not follow normal accounting practices.†¢ The provisions of the Companies Act 1985 are not taken into account while allowing the goodwill to be carried for an indefinite period.